point facilitator notes at the two solution branches

Steps: (1) OrderLine + computed total — the compiler enumerates the writers,
(2) one-line reconstruction in the two inbound mappers, (3) discount on a
reloaded order + the accepted-loss test. Dry-run verified on a scratch
branch: 98 tests green, diff confined to domain/builder/two mappers.

yak: exercise2md-orderlines-evolution-sequenced-accepted-loss-test-efap

EXERCISE.md

@@ -0,0 +1,156 @@
+# Exercise: the discount that wouldn't map
+
+You are in the **"after" situation** of this code base: the domain objects
+(`Client`, `Order`) are plain — no `DbBase` inheritance, no knowledge of the
+`DbContext`. Two hand-written mapping families lead out of the domain:
+
+- `OrderDto` / `ClientDto` — transport shapes consumed by the WebApp;
+- `OrderData` / `ClientData` — the data-only records the persistence framework
+  stores (one row per object, object graph flattened to ids).
+
+The *before* situation was Active Record: the domain object and the stored
+shape were one and the same class, so there was nothing to map. Now mapping is
+explicit — and that is where this exercise lives.
+
+## What you get
+
+- `Order.TotalInCents` — the order total, an integer in cents, persisted and
+  mapped one-on-one into `OrderDto` and `OrderData`.
+- `DiscountCalculator.CalculateDiscount(order, discountBarrierCents, discountPercentage)` —
+  a pure domain service. It returns a **`DiscountedOrder`** (a separate domain
+  type, correlated to the order by `OrderId`) carrying the order's total, the
+  percentage *actually applied* (0 when the total does not strictly exceed the
+  barrier), and the discounted total. Rounding is half-up, in integer math.
+- Unit tests for all of the above already pass.
+- `ValidOrder()` / `ValidClient()` test data builders in the test project
+  (`tests/BeforeAfter.Tests/TestData/`) — construct domain objects in tests
+  through them, so tests survive domain evolution. Import their static
+  factories with `using static BeforeAfter.Tests.TestData.OrderBuilder;`
+  (and `...ClientBuilder;`).
+
+## The challenge
+
+The `DiscountedOrder` is **not** a one-on-one copy of the order, and it must
+not become one:
+
+- `Order` needs to learn the *discounted total* — but neither `OrderDto` nor
+  `OrderData` may gain it. The discount is derived data: it lives in the
+  domain only, and the storage schema stays untouched.
+- The `DiscountedOrder.DiscountPercentage` is **not** copied onto the order —
+  it can be derived from the two totals (and `TotalInCents` never changes).
+
+So the flow is: order → `DiscountedOrder` (calculate) → order (correlate +
+copy, dropping what is derivable) → persistence (which stores *less* than the
+domain now knows).
+
+Work through the three steps below — each is small enough to hand to a coding
+agent as a single instruction. Run the tests after each step:
+
+```sh
+scripts/run-tests.sh
+```
+
+## Step 1 — teach the order its discounted total
+
+Add a single property `DiscountedTotalInCents` (`int`, default 0) to the
+**domain** `Order` in `src/After/Order.cs`. Do not touch `OrderDto`,
+`OrderData`, or the mappers: the discounted total must exist in the domain
+only. Acceptance: the solution builds and the full test suite still passes.
+
+## Step 2 — correlate a discounted order onto its order
+
+Create `tests/BeforeAfter.Tests/DiscountedOrderMappingTests.cs` from the stub
+below and make the **first** test pass. The point is the correlation: the
+`DiscountedOrder` knows the id of the order it was calculated from — use it
+instead of assuming there is only one order around.
+
+```csharp
+using After;
+using static BeforeAfter.Tests.TestData.ClientBuilder;
+using static BeforeAfter.Tests.TestData.OrderBuilder;
+
+namespace BeforeAfter.Tests;
+
+/// <summary>
+/// EXERCISE — the mapping from a DiscountedOrder onto an Order is NOT
+/// one-on-one. Make these tests pass, following EXERCISE.md step by step.
+/// </summary>
+public class DiscountedOrderMappingTests
+{
+    [Fact] // EXERCISE STEP 2
+    public void A_discounted_order_can_be_correlated_onto_its_order()
+    {
+        var db = new DbContext();
+        var order = ValidOrder().WithDescription("big order").WithTotal(150_00).Build();
+        var client = ValidClient().WithName("Acme").WithOrder(order).Build();
+        db.Save(client);
+        db.Save(order);
+
+        // 10 % for orders above €100:
+        var discounted = DiscountCalculator.CalculateDiscount(
+            order, discountBarrierCents: 100_00, discountPercentage: 10);
+
+        // TODO (step 2): correlate the discounted order to the saved order and
+        // copy the discounted total onto the order.
+        // Hints: DiscountedOrder.OrderId identifies the order; the discount
+        // percentage is deliberately NOT copied — it is derivable.
+
+        // ... your code here ...
+
+        Assert.Equal(135_00, order.DiscountedTotalInCents);
+    }
+
+    [Fact] // EXERCISE STEP 3
+    public void Saving_a_discounted_order_keeps_the_stored_total_untouched()
+    {
+        var db = new DbContext();
+        var order = ValidOrder().WithDescription("big order").WithTotal(150_00).Build();
+        var client = ValidClient().WithName("Acme").WithOrder(order).Build();
+        db.Save(client);
+        db.Save(order);
+
+        var discounted = DiscountCalculator.CalculateDiscount(
+            order, discountBarrierCents: 100_00, discountPercentage: 10);
+
+        // TODO (step 3): correlate + copy as in step 2, then save the updated
+        // order through the context. Afterwards find the order's persisted
+        // OrderData row (hint: db.Find<OrderData>(...)) and assert that the
+        // stored total is STILL the original 150_00: the database knows
+        // nothing about discounts — derived data lives in the domain only.
+
+        // ... your code here ...
+
+        OrderData row = null!;   // TODO (step 3): find the OrderData row for this order
+        Assert.Equal(150_00, row.TotalInCents);
+    }
+}
+```
+
+Acceptance: the first test is green, the second still red.
+
+## Step 3 — save, and check what actually persisted
+
+Make the **second** test pass: re-save the updated order through the context
+(the context refreshes the stored row in place), then assert on the persisted
+`OrderData` row. Note what you are *not* asserting: there is no discounted
+column to check — the row simply keeps the original total.
+
+Acceptance: the whole suite is green — including the pre-existing tests, which
+guard exactly the invariants you must not break (the DTO and the persistence
+records still map the same fields as before).
+
+## Facilitator notes
+
+- Expected end state per step: (1) one new domain-only property; (2) a mapping
+  fragment *outside* the `Mappers` class — correlation by id plus a field
+  copy, dropping the derivable percentage; (3) `db.Save(order)` after which
+  the `OrderData` row still shows `TotalInCents == 150_00`.
+- Discussion points: why two mapping families out of the domain (transport vs
+  persistence) and why neither carries the discount; what an Active Record
+  "before" world would have done here (the discounted value would have been
+  a column, or nothing at all); what happens to `DiscountedTotalInCents` when
+  the order travels to the WebApp and back (the DTO round-trip silently drops
+  it — derived data must be recomputed, not transported).
+- The unit tests in `DiscountCalculatorTests.cs` pin the calculation contract
+  (strict barrier, half-up rounding, validation); participants should not need
+  to touch them.

EXERCISE2.md

@@ -0,0 +1,191 @@
+# Exercise 2: OrderLines — the domain evolves, the edges don't
+
+> Run `EXERCISE.md` first (or apply its solution from the
+> `exercise-1-solution` branch): this exercise continues from that state.
+
+You are in the "after" situation: plain domain objects, two mapping families
+out of the domain (DTOs for transport, `*Data` records for persistence), and
+test data builders so tests don't reach into domain construction. The order
+total is a stored `int TotalInCents`.
+
+The scenario: orders should consist of **order lines** — each with its own
+description and amount. The total becomes *derived* data: the sum of the
+lines. And here is the point of the exercise — the persistence framework and
+the DTO keep their flat shape (one `Description`, one `TotalInCents` per
+order), so the domain changes while **nothing at the edges does**: same DTO,
+same storage row, same WebApp.
+
+## The trick, and the accepted loss
+
+Storage holds one flat row per order. Reading an order back therefore
+reconstructs it with **one synthetic order line**: description and amount
+taken from the row's `Description` and `TotalInCents`. Calculation (discount,
+totals) then just works on reloaded orders.
+
+The honest limitation: an order with **more than one line** cannot round-trip
+through storage — saving flattens it, reading back collapses it to one line.
+That is fine as long as multi-line orders never reach the front-end. The
+exercise includes a test that documents this loss instead of hiding it.
+
+Work through the three steps — each is one instruction for a coding agent.
+Run the tests after each step:
+
+```sh
+scripts/run-tests.sh
+```
+
+## Step 1 — introduce OrderLines (and meet the compiler)
+
+In `src/After`:
+
+1. Add an `OrderLine` — a plain, mutable domain type in the same style as
+   `Order`/`Client` (only the DTOs are records):
+
+   ```csharp
+   public class OrderLine(string description, int amountInCents)
+   {
+       public string Description { get; set; } = description;
+       public int AmountInCents { get; set; } = amountInCents;
+   }
+   ```
+
+2. In `Order`: keep `Description` (it stays stored — it is the order-level
+   description), add `public List<OrderLine> Lines { get; } = [];`, and turn
+   the total into a computed property (delete the stored one):
+
+   ```csharp
+   public int TotalInCents => Lines.Sum(line => line.AmountInCents);
+   ```
+
+3. Update `OrderBuilder`: `WithTotal` must keep its API but can no longer set
+   a computed total. Store the request and express it in `Build()` as a single
+   line carrying the order's description — so `WithDescription`/`WithTotal`
+   work in any order:
+
+   ```csharp
+   private int? _totalInCents;
+   public OrderBuilder WithTotal(int totalInCents) { _totalInCents = totalInCents; return this; }
+   public Order Build()
+   {
+       if (_totalInCents is int total)
+           _order.Lines.Add(new OrderLine(_order.Description, total));
+       return _order;
+   }
+   ```
+
+Now build. The compiler enumerates every remaining *writer* of the total —
+exactly two, both **inbound** mappers (`Mappers.FromOrderDto` and
+`Mappers.FromOrderData`). Everything that only *reads* the total —
+`ToOrderDto`, `ToOrderData`, `DiscountCalculator`, the WebApp — compiles
+untouched. That is the whole lesson in one compiler output.
+
+One test also writes the total (`order.TotalInCents = 99_00` in
+`Saving_again_refreshes_the_row_instead_of_duplicating_it`); fix it now by
+mutating through the new domain API instead: `order.Lines[0].AmountInCents = 99_00;`
+
+Acceptance: the **only** remaining build errors are the two inbound mappers.
+
+## Step 2 — reconstruct instead of write
+
+A DTO (and a storage row) carries one description and one flat total, so the
+reconstructed order is an order with **one line** — derived data cannot be
+written, only re-derived. In both `Mappers.FromOrderDto` (`UnmapOrder`) and
+`Mappers.FromOrderData`: keep the field copies as they are, drop the
+`TotalInCents = ...` assignment, and after creating the order add
+
+```csharp
+order.Lines.Add(new OrderLine(dto.Description, dto.TotalInCents));   // dto / row respectively
+```
+
+(always exactly one line — even for a zero total — so the reconstruction is
+deterministic). `DbContext.LoadOrder` / `LoadClient` need no changes.
+
+Acceptance: the full suite is green again, and `git diff --stat` shows the
+change confined to the domain, the builder, that one test, and the two
+inbound mapper bodies — `OrderDto`, `OrderData`, `DbContext`, `WebApp`, and
+the outbound mappers are untouched.
+
+## Step 3 — prove it: discount a reloaded order, and document the loss
+
+Create `tests/BeforeAfter.Tests/OrderLinesEvolutionTests.cs` from the stub
+below and make both tests pass:
+
+```csharp
+using After;
+using static BeforeAfter.Tests.TestData.ClientBuilder;
+using static BeforeAfter.Tests.TestData.OrderBuilder;
+
+namespace BeforeAfter.Tests;
+
+/// <summary>
+/// EXERCISE 2 — the domain gained OrderLines; persistence still stores one
+/// flat row per order. Make these tests pass (see EXERCISE2.md).
+/// </summary>
+public class OrderLinesEvolutionTests
+{
+    [Fact] // EXERCISE STEP 3a
+    public void A_reloaded_order_can_be_discounted()
+    {
+        var db = new DbContext();
+        var order = ValidOrder().WithDescription("big order").WithTotal(150_00).Build();
+        var client = ValidClient().WithName("Acme").WithOrder(order).Build();
+        db.Save(client);
+        db.Save(order);
+
+        Order loaded = null!;   // TODO (step 3a): load the order back from the context
+
+        // The discount must work off the computed total of the RELOADED order:
+        var discounted = DiscountCalculator.CalculateDiscount(
+            loaded, discountBarrierCents: 100_00, discountPercentage: 10);
+
+        Assert.Equal(135_00, discounted.DiscountedTotalInCents);
+        Assert.Equal(10, discounted.DiscountPercentage);
+    }
+
+    [Fact] // EXERCISE STEP 3b — the accepted loss
+    public void A_multi_line_order_flattens_to_a_single_line_when_stored()
+    {
+        var db = new DbContext();
+        var order = ValidOrder().WithDescription("mixed order").Build();
+        order.Lines.Add(new OrderLine("first item", 100_00));
+        order.Lines.Add(new OrderLine("second item", 50_00));
+
+        db.Save(order);
+
+        Order loaded = null!;   // TODO (step 3b): load the order back from the context
+
+        // Storage flattened the order: one line, the flat total, and the
+        // order-level description. Document this — don't hide it.
+        var line = Assert.Single(loaded.Lines);
+        Assert.Equal(150_00, line.AmountInCents);
+        Assert.Equal("mixed order", line.Description);
+    }
+}
+```
+
+Acceptance: the whole suite is green — including Exercise 1's tests
+(`DiscountedOrderMappingTests`), which keep passing unchanged: the discount
+flow reads the computed total exactly as it read the stored one.
+
+## Facilitator notes
+
+- Trainer's solutions live on the `exercise-1-solution` and
+  `exercise-2-solution` branches — keep them off the participant path.
+
+- Expected diff per step: (1) `OrderLine` + `Order.Lines` + computed total +
+  builder internals + one test line — build red in exactly the two inbound
+  mappers; (2) two one-line reconstructions — green again; (3) two new tests.
+  If `git diff` touches `OrderDto`, `OrderData`, `DbContext`, `WebApp`, or the
+  outbound mappers, something went off the small-steps path.
+- The `WithTotal` pain the builder absorbs: internally it now fabricates a
+  line; no test noticed. That is the TestDataBuilder dividend.
+- Discussion points: what the next evolution would look like with a real
+  database (`order_line` rows and a foreign key — the persistence contract
+  would finally change, and only then); why the DTO cannot carry lines back
+  into the domain honestly (derived data is re-derived on the way in, never
+  transported); what the user of a reloaded multi-line order actually gets
+  (the flat total under the order's description) and why that must stay away
+  from the front-end.
+- `Before` stays untouched throughout — its Active Record world would have
+  needed a schema change on day one, which is the contrast this exercise
+  series is built on.

src/After/DbBase.cs

@@ -4,9 +4,10 @@ namespace After;
 /// The DB base class still exists in the "after" situation — it is part of the
 /// *persistence* layer — but the direction of the dependency is flipped:
 /// domain objects (<see cref="Client"/>, <see cref="Order"/>) no longer derive
-/// from it. Only the <see cref="DbContext"/>'s own internal shadow entities do,
+/// from it. Only the framework's own data-only persistence records do
-/// so nothing outside the persistence layer can ever reach a
+/// (<see cref="ClientData"/>, <see cref="OrderData"/>): storage wants data
-/// <see cref="DbContext"/> through a domain object.
+/// without behaviour, so the domain keeps the behaviour and the framework
+/// keeps the data — the mappers bridge the two shapes.
 /// </summary>
 public class DbBase
 {
@@ -19,8 +20,8 @@ public class DbBase
 
     /// <summary>
     /// Back-reference to the owning <see cref="DbContext"/>. In the after
-    /// situation this lives only on the context's internal shadow entities —
+    /// situation this lives only on the persistence records — the plain
-    /// the plain domain objects that used to inherit it no longer do.
+    /// domain objects that used to inherit it no longer do.
     /// </summary>
     public DbContext? DbContext { get; internal set; }
 }

src/After/DbContext.cs

@@ -1,95 +1,164 @@
 namespace After;
 
 // ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
-// Internal shadow wrappers — live *inside* the persistence layer so the
+// The persistence side of the "after" situation. The (fake) framework stores
-// domain never sees a DbContext back-reference.  Subclassed per-entity-type
+// its own data-only records — <see cref="ClientData"/> / <see cref="OrderData"/>,
-// solely to make `Set<T>` strongly-typed.
+// both <see cref="DbBase"/> subclasses — never the domain objects themselves.
+// Domain state reaches storage only through explicit mapping; the context keeps
+// a reference-identity map so a second <see cref="Save"/> of the same domain
+// object refreshes its row instead of duplicating it.
 // ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
-/// <summary>Lightweight shadow holder kept alive inside the context.</summary>
+/// <summary>
-public abstract class Shadow
+/// Persisted shape of a <see cref="Client"/>: data only — the orders are
+/// separate <see cref="OrderData"/> rows, so nothing more is needed here.
+/// </summary>
+public sealed class ClientData : DbBase
 {
-    /// <summary>ID assigned when first persisted.</summary>
+    /// <summary>Display name of the client.</summary>
-    public Guid Id { get; set; }
+    public string Name { get; set; } = string.Empty;
-
-    /// <summary>Back-reference to the owning <see cref="DbContext"/> (internal only).</summary>
-    public DbContext? DbContext { get; internal set; }
 }
 
-/// <summary>Shadow holder for a persisted <see cref="Client"/>.</summary>
+/// <summary>
-public sealed class ClientShadow : Shadow { /* no extra data */ }
+/// Persisted shape of an <see cref="Order"/>: data only. The object graph is
+/// flattened for storage — the back-reference to the client becomes a foreign
+/// key, because storage has ids, not object references.
+/// </summary>
+public sealed class OrderData : DbBase
+{
+    /// <summary>Free-text description of what this order is for.</summary>
+    public string Description { get; set; } = string.Empty;
 
-/// <summary>Shadow holder for a persisted <see cref="Order"/>.</summary>
+    /// <summary>Order total in cents of the stored order.</summary>
-public sealed class OrderShadow  : Shadow { /* no extra data */ }
+    public int TotalInCents { get; set; }
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Foreign key to the owning client: <see cref="Guid.Empty"/> when the
+    /// order has no client, or when its client had no id yet at save time —
+    /// save clients before their orders.
+    /// </summary>
+    public Guid ClientId { get; set; }
+}
 
 /// <summary>
-/// The fake <c>DbContext</c>, refactored to use per-type shadow collections
+/// The fake <c>DbContext</c>: per-type tables of data records, mirroring EF
-/// (mirroring EF Core's <c>Set&lt;T&gt;</c>) plus an instance-level
+/// Core's <c>Set&lt;T&gt;</c>. <see cref="Save(Client)"/> / <see cref="Save(Order)"/>
-/// <c>Find&lt;T&gt;</c> query method.
+/// map the domain object's *current* state into its record — inserting on the
+/// first save, refreshing in place on later ones.
 /// </summary>
 public class DbContext
 {
-    // ── per-type shadow tables ───────────────────────────────────────
+    // ── per-type data tables ─────────────────────────────────────────
-    private readonly List<ClientShadow> _clients = new();
+    private readonly List<ClientData> _clients = new();
-    private readonly List<OrderShadow>  _orders  = new();
+    private readonly List<OrderData>  _orders  = new();
 
-    // ── fast lookup: domain object reference → its shadow ────────────
+    // ── fast lookup: domain object reference → its persisted record ──
-    private readonly Dictionary<object, Shadow> _byRef = new();
+    private readonly Dictionary<object, DbBase> _byRef = new();
 
-    // ── exposed per-type tables (read-only view) ────────────────────
+    // ── exposed per-type tables (read-only view) ─────────────────────
-    public IReadOnlyList<ClientShadow> Clients => _clients.AsReadOnly();
+    public IReadOnlyList<ClientData> Clients => _clients.AsReadOnly();
-    public IReadOnlyList<OrderShadow>  Orders  => _orders.AsReadOnly();
+    public IReadOnlyList<OrderData>  Orders  => _orders.AsReadOnly();
 
     /// <summary>Generic accessor: the strongly-typed "table" for <typeparamref name="T"/>.</summary>
-    public IReadOnlyList<T> Set<T>() where T : Shadow
+    public IReadOnlyList<T> Set<T>() where T : DbBase
         => typeof(T) switch
         {
-            var t when t == typeof(ClientShadow) => (IReadOnlyList<T>)_clients.AsReadOnly(),
+            var t when t == typeof(ClientData) => (IReadOnlyList<T>)_clients.AsReadOnly(),
-            var t when t == typeof(OrderShadow)  => (IReadOnlyList<T>)_orders.AsReadOnly(),
+            var t when t == typeof(OrderData)  => (IReadOnlyList<T>)_orders.AsReadOnly(),
-            _                                     => throw new NotSupportedException($"No per-type table for {typeof(T)}"),
+            _                                   => throw new NotSupportedException($"No per-type table for {typeof(T)}"),
         };
 
-    // ── explicit persistence ────────────────────────────────────────
+    // ── explicit persistence: map + insert, or refresh ───────────────
 
-    /// <summary>Persist a <see cref="Client">:</summary>
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Persist a <see cref="Client"/>: the first save maps it to a fresh
+    /// <see cref="ClientData"/> row and writes the generated id back into the
+    /// domain object; a later save refreshes that row's data in place.
+    /// </summary>
     public void Save(Client client)
     {
         ArgumentNullException.ThrowIfNull(client);
-        if (!_byRef.TryAdd(client, new ClientShadow { DbContext = this }))
+        var fresh = Mappers.ToClientData(client);
-            return;                       // already saved → id unchanged
+        if (_byRef.TryGetValue(client, out var existing))
-        var shadow = (ClientShadow)_byRef[client];
+        {
+            ((ClientData)existing).Name = fresh.Name;    // refresh, keep row identity
+            return;
+        }
         var id = Guid.NewGuid();
-        shadow.Id = client.Id = id;     // write-back identity
+        fresh.Id = client.Id = id;                       // write-back identity
+        fresh.DbContext = this;
+        _clients.Add(fresh);
+        _byRef[client] = fresh;
     }
 
-    /// <summary>Persist an <see cref="Order">.</summary>
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Persist an <see cref="Order"/> (same insert-or-refresh rule as
+    /// <see cref="Save(Client)"/>; save its client first so the foreign key
+    /// can be filled).
+    /// </summary>
     public void Save(Order order)
     {
         ArgumentNullException.ThrowIfNull(order);
-        if (!_byRef.TryAdd(order, new OrderShadow { DbContext = this }))
+        var fresh = Mappers.ToOrderData(order);
-            return;                     // already saved → id unchanged
+        if (_byRef.TryGetValue(order, out var existing))
-        var shadow = (OrderShadow)_byRef[order];
+        {
+            var row = (OrderData)existing;               // refresh, keep row identity
+            row.Description = fresh.Description;
+            row.TotalInCents = fresh.TotalInCents;
+            row.ClientId = fresh.ClientId;
+            return;
+        }
         var id = Guid.NewGuid();
-        shadow.Id = order.Id = id;      // write-back identity
+        fresh.Id = order.Id = id;                        // write-back identity
+        fresh.DbContext = this;
+        _orders.Add(fresh);
+        _byRef[order] = fresh;
     }
 
-    /// <summary>Persist every tracked entity (mirrors EF's <c>SaveChanges</c>).</summary>
+    // ── loading: reassemble domain objects from the stored rows ──────
-    public int SaveChanges()
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Materialize the <see cref="Client"/> stored under <paramref name="id"/>,
+    /// including all of its orders (navigation fix-up wires
+    /// <see cref="Order.Client"/> back). Null when nothing is stored under it.
+    /// </summary>
+    public Client? LoadClient(Guid id)
     {
-        var count = 0;
+        var row = Find<ClientData>(r => r.Id == id);
-        foreach (var shadow in _byRef.Values)
+        if (row is null) return null;
+        var client = Mappers.FromClientData(row);
+        foreach (var orderRow in _orders.Where(o => o.ClientId == id))
+            client.Orders.Add(Mappers.FromOrderData(orderRow));   // fix-up wires Order.Client
+        return client;
+    }
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Materialize the <see cref="Order"/> stored under <paramref name="id"/>,
+    /// including its client (holding just this one order), or null when
+    /// nothing is stored under it. Use <see cref="LoadClient"/> to load a
+    /// client with all of its orders.
+    /// </summary>
+    public Order? LoadOrder(Guid id)
+    {
+        var row = Find<OrderData>(r => r.Id == id);
+        if (row is null) return null;
+        var order = Mappers.FromOrderData(row);
+        if (row.ClientId != Guid.Empty)
         {
-            if (shadow.Id != Guid.Empty) continue;   // already had an id
+            var clientRow = Find<ClientData>(c => c.Id == row.ClientId);
-            shadow.Id = Guid.NewGuid();
+            if (clientRow is not null)
-            count++;
+            {
+                var client = Mappers.FromClientData(clientRow);
+                client.Orders.Add(order);                          // fix-up wires Order.Client
+            }
         }
-        return count;
+        return order;
     }
 
     // ── query helpers ───────────────────────────────────────────────
 
-    /// <summary>Search the per-type table for a shadow whose predicate matches.</summary>
+    /// <summary>Search the per-type table for a record whose predicate matches.</summary>
-    public T? Find<T>(Func<T, bool> predicate) where T : Shadow
+    public T? Find<T>(Func<T, bool> predicate) where T : DbBase
         => Set<T>().FirstOrDefault(predicate);
 
     // ── tracking / status ───────────────────────────────────────────
@@ -97,6 +166,6 @@ public class DbContext
     /// <summary>True if <paramref name="entity"/> has been saved through this context.</summary>
     public bool IsTracked(object entity) => _byRef.ContainsKey(entity);
 
-    /// <summary>All shadow entities this context currently manages.</summary>
+    /// <summary>All data records this context currently manages.</summary>
-    public IReadOnlyList<Shadow> Tracked => _byRef.Values.ToList();
+    public IReadOnlyList<DbBase> Tracked => _byRef.Values.ToList();
 }

src/After/DiscountCalculator.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,64 @@
+namespace After;
+
+/// <summary>
+/// Domain service computing a discount for an <see cref="Order"/>. Pure
+/// calculation: it reads the order and returns a <see cref="DiscountedOrder"/>;
+/// it never mutates the order. Copying the result onto the order — and what
+/// that does or does not persist — is the exercise (see EXERCISE.md).
+/// </summary>
+public static class DiscountCalculator
+{
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Calculate the discount for <paramref name="order"/>. The discount
+    /// applies only when the order's total is <em>strictly greater</em> than
+    /// the barrier — an order at exactly the barrier gets none.
+    /// </summary>
+    /// <param name="order">The order to discount; its <see cref="Order.TotalInCents"/> is the input.</param>
+    /// <param name="discountBarrierCents">Minimum total (in cents) required to qualify; the total must exceed it.</param>
+    /// <param name="discountPercentage">The discount as an integer percent (10 means 10 %), 0–100.</param>
+    /// <returns>
+    /// A <see cref="DiscountedOrder"/> correlated to the order by id.
+    /// <see cref="DiscountedOrder.DiscountPercentage"/> is 0 when the barrier
+    /// was not passed, and <see cref="DiscountedOrder.DiscountedTotalInCents"/>
+    /// equals the total in that case.
+    /// </returns>
+    /// <exception cref="ArgumentNullException"><paramref name="order"/> is null.</exception>
+    /// <exception cref="ArgumentOutOfRangeException">
+    /// The total or barrier is negative, or the percentage is outside 0–100.
+    /// </exception>
+    /// <remarks>
+    /// The discount amount is rounded <b>half-up</b> with pure integer math —
+    /// <c>(total × percentage + 50) / 100</c> — so 10 % of 155 cents is a
+    /// 16-cent discount (15.5 rounds up), and no floating point is involved.
+    /// </remarks>
+    public static DiscountedOrder CalculateDiscount(Order order, int discountBarrierCents, int discountPercentage)
+    {
+        ArgumentNullException.ThrowIfNull(order);
+        ArgumentOutOfRangeException.ThrowIfNegative(order.TotalInCents);
+        ArgumentOutOfRangeException.ThrowIfNegative(discountBarrierCents);
+        ArgumentOutOfRangeException.ThrowIfLessThan(discountPercentage, 0);
+        ArgumentOutOfRangeException.ThrowIfGreaterThan(discountPercentage, 100);
+
+        if (order.TotalInCents <= discountBarrierCents)
+            return new DiscountedOrder
+            {
+                OrderId = order.Id,
+                TotalInCents = order.TotalInCents,
+                DiscountPercentage = 0,
+                DiscountedTotalInCents = order.TotalInCents,
+            };
+
+        // Half-up rounding in integers: add half of the divisor before the
+        // integer division. 64-bit intermediate: cents × percent can overflow
+        // 32 bits for large orders.
+        var discount = (int)(((long)order.TotalInCents * discountPercentage + 50) / 100);
+
+        return new DiscountedOrder
+        {
+            OrderId = order.Id,
+            TotalInCents = order.TotalInCents,
+            DiscountPercentage = discountPercentage,
+            DiscountedTotalInCents = order.TotalInCents - discount,
+        };
+    }
+}

src/After/DiscountedOrder.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+namespace After;
+
+/// <summary>
+/// The result of discounting an <see cref="Order"/>: a separate domain type,
+/// not a modified order. The discount is derived data — computed on demand,
+/// correlated to its order by <see cref="OrderId"/>. What a caller does with
+/// it (and what of it ever reaches <see cref="OrderDto"/> or
+/// <see cref="OrderData"/>) is deliberately left to the caller.
+/// </summary>
+public sealed record DiscountedOrder
+{
+    /// <summary>Primary key of the discounted <see cref="Order"/>.</summary>
+    public Guid OrderId { get; init; }
+
+    /// <summary>The order's total in cents, as read from it (the untouched input).</summary>
+    public int TotalInCents { get; init; }
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// The percentage actually applied, as an integer percent. 0 when the
+    /// order did not pass the discount barrier.
+    /// </summary>
+    public int DiscountPercentage { get; init; }
+
+    /// <summary>The total after the discount, in cents.</summary>
+    public int DiscountedTotalInCents { get; init; }
+}

src/After/Mappers.cs

@@ -1,13 +1,21 @@
 namespace After;
 
 /// <summary>
-/// Hand-written mappers between the plain domain and the DTOs (no AutoMapper —
+/// Hand-written mappers out of the plain domain (no AutoMapper — the mapping
-/// the mapping code is part of the illustration). Each public method maps in
+/// code is part of the illustration). Each public method maps in exactly one
-/// exactly one direction and never mutates its input.
+/// direction and never mutates its input. Two families, two destinations:
+/// <list type="bullet">
+/// <item><see cref="ClientDto"/>/<see cref="OrderDto"/> — transport to the
+/// WebApp;</item>
+/// <item><see cref="ClientData"/>/<see cref="OrderData"/> — the data-only
+/// records the persistence framework stores.</item>
+/// </list>
 ///
 /// The <c>Client.Orders</c> / <c>Order.Client</c> back-reference cycle is
 /// resolved with a reference-identity cache: the same instance maps to the
-/// same DTO (and back), so the graph terminates and stays consistent.
+/// same DTO (and back), so the graph terminates and stays consistent. The
+/// persistence mapping needs no cache: records reference each other by id,
+/// not by object, so the graph is flattened and cannot cycle.
 /// </summary>
 public static class Mappers
 {
@@ -64,6 +72,7 @@ public static class Mappers
         {
             Id = order.Id,
             Description = order.Description,
+            TotalInCents = order.TotalInCents,
             ClientDto = order.Client is null ? null : MapClient(order.Client, seen),
         };
         seen[order] = dto;
@@ -94,9 +103,64 @@ public static class Mappers
         {
             Id = dto.Id,
             Description = dto.Description,
+            TotalInCents = dto.TotalInCents,
             Client = dto.ClientDto is null ? null : UnmapClient(dto.ClientDto, seen),
         };
         seen[dto] = order;
         return order;
     }
+
+    // ------------------------------------------------------------------
+    // Domain -> persistence (data-only records; graph flattened to ids)
+    // ------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+    /// <summary>Map a <see cref="Client"/> to its persistence record <see cref="ClientData"/>.</summary>
+    public static ClientData ToClientData(Client client)
+    {
+        ArgumentNullException.ThrowIfNull(client);
+        return new ClientData { Id = client.Id, Name = client.Name };
+    }
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Map an <see cref="Order"/> to its persistence record <see cref="OrderData"/>:
+    /// the object graph is flattened — <see cref="Order.Client"/> becomes the
+    /// <see cref="OrderData.ClientId"/> foreign key (empty when the order has
+    /// no client, or when that client has not been saved yet).
+    /// </summary>
+    public static OrderData ToOrderData(Order order)
+    {
+        ArgumentNullException.ThrowIfNull(order);
+        return new OrderData
+        {
+            Id = order.Id,
+            Description = order.Description,
+            TotalInCents = order.TotalInCents,
+            ClientId = order.Client?.Id ?? Guid.Empty,
+        };
+    }
+
+    // ------------------------------------------------------------------
+    // Persistence -> domain (read-back). A plain field copy for now; when
+    // the domain grows OrderLines, FromOrderData becomes the one-line
+    // reconstruction (row description + total become a single line) —
+    // see EXERCISE2.md.
+    // ------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+    /// <summary>Map a <see cref="ClientData"/> record back to a <see cref="Client"/>.</summary>
+    public static Client FromClientData(ClientData row)
+    {
+        ArgumentNullException.ThrowIfNull(row);
+        return new Client { Id = row.Id, Name = row.Name };
+    }
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Map an <see cref="OrderData"/> record back to an <see cref="Order"/>.
+    /// Reassembling the graph (wiring <see cref="Order.Client"/>) is the
+    /// context's job, not the mapper's.
+    /// </summary>
+    public static Order FromOrderData(OrderData row)
+    {
+        ArgumentNullException.ThrowIfNull(row);
+        return new Order { Id = row.Id, Description = row.Description, TotalInCents = row.TotalInCents };
+    }
 }

src/After/Order.cs

@@ -17,6 +17,13 @@ public class Order
     /// <summary>Free-text description of what this order is for.</summary>
     public string Description { get; set; } = string.Empty;
 
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Order total in cents (integer — no floating-point money). A normal
+    /// attribute: it is persisted in <see cref="OrderData"/> and mapped
+    /// one-on-one into <see cref="OrderDto.TotalInCents"/>.
+    /// </summary>
+    public int TotalInCents { get; set; }
+
     /// <summary>
     /// The client that owns this order. Set automatically by
     /// <see cref="ClientOrders"/> when the order is added to

src/After/OrderDto.cs

@@ -13,6 +13,9 @@ public sealed record OrderDto
     /// <summary>Free-text description of what this order is for.</summary>
     public string Description { get; init; } = string.Empty;
 
+    /// <summary>Order total in cents of the underlying order.</summary>
+    public int TotalInCents { get; init; }
+
     /// <summary>
     /// Back-reference to the owning client, or <c>null</c> for a bare order
     /// that has not been added to any client.

src/Before.Console/Program.cs

@@ -18,10 +18,10 @@ DbBase.Context = ctx;
 var jane = new Client { Name = "Jane Doe" };
 var bob  = new Client { Name = "Bob Smith" };
 
-jane.Orders.Add(new Order { Description = "Design consultation" });
+jane.Orders.Add(new Order { Description = "Design consultation", TotalInCents = 120_00 });
-jane.Orders.Add(new Order { Description = "Website redesign" });
+jane.Orders.Add(new Order { Description = "Website redesign", TotalInCents = 750_00 });
 
-bob.Orders.Add(new Order { Description = "Monthly retainer" });
+bob.Orders.Add(new Order { Description = "Monthly retainer", TotalInCents = 85_00 });
 
 // Orders need to be attached too so they get IDs:
 ctx.Attach(jane.Orders[0]);
@@ -38,7 +38,7 @@ foreach (var client in DbBase.Context!.Tracked.OfType<Client>())
 {
     Console.WriteLine($"{client.Name} [{client.Id}]");
     foreach (var order in client.Orders)
-        Console.WriteLine($"  - order [{order.Id}]: {order.Description}");
+        Console.WriteLine($"  - order [{order.Id}]: {order.Description} ({order.TotalInCents} cents)");
 }
 
 // ----- find by name -------------------------------------------------------

src/Before/Order.cs

@@ -11,6 +11,12 @@ public class Order : DbBase
     /// <summary>Free-text description of what this order is for.</summary>
     public string Description { get; set; } = string.Empty;
 
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Order total in cents (integer — no floating-point money). Part of the
+    /// persisted state, like every other scalar.
+    /// </summary>
+    public int TotalInCents { get; set; }
+
     /// <summary>
     /// The client that owns this order. Set automatically by
     /// <see cref="ClientOrders"/> when the order is added to

tests/BeforeAfter.Tests/AfterPersistenceTests.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,146 @@
+using After;
+using static BeforeAfter.Tests.TestData.ClientBuilder;
+using static BeforeAfter.Tests.TestData.OrderBuilder;
+
+namespace BeforeAfter.Tests;
+
+/// <summary>
+/// The after <see cref="DbContext"/> stores data-only persistence records
+/// (<see cref="ClientData"/> / <see cref="OrderData"/>), never domain objects:
+/// <see cref="DbContext"/>'s <c>Save</c> maps domain state into a row —
+/// inserting on the first save, refreshing in place on later ones — and the
+/// stored graph is flattened to ids.
+/// </summary>
+public class AfterPersistenceTests
+{
+    [Fact]
+    public void Save_maps_domain_state_into_data_records()
+    {
+        var db = new DbContext();
+        var order = ValidOrder().WithDescription("one").WithTotal(150_00).Build();
+        var client = ValidClient().WithName("Acme").WithOrder(order).Build();
+
+        db.Save(client);
+        db.Save(order);
+
+        var clientRow = Assert.Single(db.Clients);
+        Assert.Equal(client.Id, clientRow.Id);
+        Assert.Equal("Acme", clientRow.Name);
+
+        var orderRow = Assert.Single(db.Orders);
+        Assert.Equal(order.Id, orderRow.Id);
+        Assert.Equal("one", orderRow.Description);
+        Assert.Equal(150_00, orderRow.TotalInCents);
+        Assert.Equal(client.Id, orderRow.ClientId);   // the graph is flattened to a key
+    }
+
+    [Fact]
+    public void An_order_without_client_stores_an_empty_client_id()
+    {
+        var db = new DbContext();
+        var order = ValidOrder().WithDescription("orphan").Build();
+
+        db.Save(order);
+
+        Assert.Equal(Guid.Empty, Assert.Single(db.Orders).ClientId);
+    }
+
+    [Fact]
+    public void Saving_again_refreshes_the_row_instead_of_duplicating_it()
+    {
+        var db = new DbContext();
+        var order = ValidOrder().WithDescription("one").WithTotal(150_00).Build();
+        var client = ValidClient().WithName("Acme").WithOrder(order).Build();
+        db.Save(client);
+        db.Save(order);
+
+        order.Description = "one (edited)";
+        order.TotalInCents = 99_00;
+        client.Name = "Acme GmbH";
+        db.Save(order);
+        db.Save(client);
+
+        // One row per saved object, refreshed with the *current* state:
+        var orderRow = Assert.Single(db.Orders);
+        Assert.Equal(order.Id, orderRow.Id);
+        Assert.Equal("one (edited)", orderRow.Description);
+        Assert.Equal(99_00, orderRow.TotalInCents);
+        Assert.Equal(client.Id, orderRow.ClientId);
+
+        var clientRow = Assert.Single(db.Clients);
+        Assert.Equal("Acme GmbH", clientRow.Name);
+    }
+
+    [Fact]
+    public void Rows_are_reachable_through_Set_and_Find()
+    {
+        var db = new DbContext();
+        var order = ValidOrder().WithDescription("one").WithTotal(150_00).Build();
+        var client = ValidClient().WithName("Acme").WithOrder(order).Build();
+        db.Save(client);
+        db.Save(order);
+
+        Assert.Single(db.Set<ClientData>());
+        Assert.Single(db.Set<OrderData>());
+
+        var found = db.Find<OrderData>(row => row.Description == "one");
+        Assert.Equal(order.Id, found!.Id);
+        Assert.Null(db.Find<OrderData>(row => row.Description == "no such order"));
+    }
+
+    // ---------------------------------------------------------------------
+    // Read-back: LoadOrder / LoadClient reassemble domain objects from the
+    // stored rows (identity round-trip for now — OrderLines come later).
+    // ---------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+    [Fact]
+    public void Loading_an_order_restores_its_state_and_its_client()
+    {
+        var db = new DbContext();
+        var order = ValidOrder().WithDescription("one").WithTotal(150_00).Build();
+        var client = ValidClient().WithName("Acme").WithOrder(order).Build();
+        db.Save(client);
+        db.Save(order);
+
+        var loaded = db.LoadOrder(order.Id);
+
+        Assert.NotNull(loaded);
+        Assert.Equal(order.Id, loaded!.Id);
+        Assert.Equal("one", loaded.Description);
+        Assert.Equal(150_00, loaded.TotalInCents);
+
+        // The graph is reassembled: the loaded order knows its client again,
+        // and the client's collection holds the loaded order.
+        Assert.NotNull(loaded.Client);
+        Assert.Equal("Acme", loaded.Client!.Name);
+        Assert.Same(loaded, Assert.Single(loaded.Client.Orders));
+    }
+
+    [Fact]
+    public void Loading_a_client_restores_it_with_all_of_its_orders()
+    {
+        var db = new DbContext();
+        var first = ValidOrder().WithDescription("one").WithTotal(150_00).Build();
+        var second = ValidOrder().WithDescription("two").WithTotal(250_00).Build();
+        var client = ValidClient().WithName("Acme").WithOrder(first).WithOrder(second).Build();
+        db.Save(client);
+        db.Save(first);
+        db.Save(second);
+
+        var loaded = db.LoadClient(client.Id);
+
+        Assert.NotNull(loaded);
+        Assert.Equal("Acme", loaded!.Name);
+        Assert.Equal(2, loaded.Orders.Count);
+        Assert.All(loaded.Orders, o => Assert.Same(loaded, o.Client));
+    }
+
+    [Fact]
+    public void Loading_an_unknown_id_returns_null()
+    {
+        var db = new DbContext();
+
+        Assert.Null(db.LoadOrder(Guid.NewGuid()));
+        Assert.Null(db.LoadClient(Guid.NewGuid()));
+    }
+}

tests/BeforeAfter.Tests/AfterTests.cs

@@ -1,4 +1,6 @@
 using After;
+using static BeforeAfter.Tests.TestData.ClientBuilder;
+using static BeforeAfter.Tests.TestData.OrderBuilder;
 using System.Reflection;
 
 namespace BeforeAfter.Tests;
@@ -7,6 +9,11 @@ namespace BeforeAfter.Tests;
 /// Tests for the AFTER situation (Yak 02): plain domain objects (no
 /// <see cref="DbBase"/>), DTOs (records) carrying the data including the
 /// relations, hand-written mappers, and a WebApp that consumes only DTOs.
+///
+/// Domain objects in these tests are constructed through the TestDataBuilders
+/// (<see cref="OrderBuilder.ValidOrder"/> / <see cref="ClientBuilder.ValidClient"/>)
+/// so the tests survive domain evolution; DTO initializers stay literal —
+/// DTOs are the transport shapes under test.
 /// </summary>
 public class AfterTests
 {
@@ -42,7 +49,7 @@ public class AfterTests
     public void ToClientDto_maps_all_scalar_fields()
     {
         var id = Guid.NewGuid();
-        var client = new Client { Id = id, Name = "Acme" };
+        var client = ValidClient().WithId(id).WithName("Acme").Build();
 
         var dto = Mappers.ToClientDto(client);
 
@@ -54,12 +61,13 @@ public class AfterTests
     public void ToOrderDto_maps_all_scalar_fields()
     {
         var id = Guid.NewGuid();
-        var order = new Order { Id = id, Description = "one" };
+        var order = ValidOrder().WithId(id).WithDescription("one").WithTotal(150_00).Build();
 
         var dto = Mappers.ToOrderDto(order);
 
         Assert.Equal(id, dto.Id);
         Assert.Equal("one", dto.Description);
+        Assert.Equal(150_00, dto.TotalInCents);
     }
 
     [Fact]
@@ -78,12 +86,13 @@ public class AfterTests
     public void FromOrderDto_maps_all_scalar_fields()
     {
         var id = Guid.NewGuid();
-        var dto = new OrderDto { Id = id, Description = "one" };
+        var dto = new OrderDto { Id = id, Description = "one", TotalInCents = 150_00 };
 
         var order = Mappers.FromOrderDto(dto);
 
         Assert.Equal(id, order.Id);
         Assert.Equal("one", order.Description);
+        Assert.Equal(150_00, order.TotalInCents);
     }
 
     // ---------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -93,9 +102,8 @@ public class AfterTests
     [Fact]
     public void ToClientDto_maps_orders_and_keeps_the_back_reference_consistent()
     {
-        var client = new Client { Name = "Acme" };
+        var order = ValidOrder().WithDescription("one").Build();
-        var order = new Order { Description = "one" };
+        var client = ValidClient().WithName("Acme").WithOrder(order).Build();
-        client.Orders.Add(order);
 
         var dto = Mappers.ToClientDto(client);
         var orderDto = Assert.Single(dto.Orders);
@@ -128,9 +136,8 @@ public class AfterTests
     [Fact]
     public void Domain_round_trip_preserves_all_state()
     {
-        var client = new Client { Id = Guid.NewGuid(), Name = "Acme" };
+        var order = ValidOrder().WithId(Guid.NewGuid()).WithDescription("one").WithTotal(150_00).Build();
-        var order = new Order { Id = Guid.NewGuid(), Description = "one" };
+        var client = ValidClient().WithId(Guid.NewGuid()).WithName("Acme").WithOrder(order).Build();
-        client.Orders.Add(order);
 
         var roundTrip = Mappers.FromClientDto(Mappers.ToClientDto(client));
 
@@ -139,6 +146,7 @@ public class AfterTests
         var roundTripOrder = Assert.Single(roundTrip.Orders);
         Assert.Equal(order.Id, roundTripOrder.Id);
         Assert.Equal(order.Description, roundTripOrder.Description);
+        Assert.Equal(order.TotalInCents, roundTripOrder.TotalInCents);
         // The back-reference is still consistent on the reconstructed graph:
         Assert.Same(roundTrip, roundTripOrder.Client);
     }
@@ -146,9 +154,8 @@ public class AfterTests
     [Fact]
     public void Dto_round_trip_preserves_all_state()
     {
-        var client = new Client { Id = Guid.NewGuid(), Name = "Acme" };
+        var order = ValidOrder().WithId(Guid.NewGuid()).WithDescription("one").WithTotal(150_00).Build();
-        var order = new Order { Id = Guid.NewGuid(), Description = "one" };
+        var client = ValidClient().WithId(Guid.NewGuid()).WithName("Acme").WithOrder(order).Build();
-        client.Orders.Add(order);
         var dto = Mappers.ToClientDto(client);
         var dtoOrder = dto.Orders[0];
 
@@ -159,6 +166,7 @@ public class AfterTests
         var roundTripOrder = Assert.Single(roundTrip.Orders);
         Assert.Equal(dtoOrder.Id, roundTripOrder.Id);
         Assert.Equal(dtoOrder.Description, roundTripOrder.Description);
+        Assert.Equal(dtoOrder.TotalInCents, roundTripOrder.TotalInCents);
         Assert.Same(roundTrip, roundTripOrder.ClientDto);
     }
 
@@ -168,9 +176,8 @@ public class AfterTests
     [Fact]
     public void ToClientDto_does_not_mutate_the_domain()
     {
-        var client = new Client { Id = Guid.NewGuid(), Name = "Acme" };
+        var order = ValidOrder().WithId(Guid.NewGuid()).WithDescription("one").Build();
-        var order = new Order { Id = Guid.NewGuid(), Description = "one" };
+        var client = ValidClient().WithId(Guid.NewGuid()).WithName("Acme").WithOrder(order).Build();
-        client.Orders.Add(order);
         var ordersCount = client.Orders.Count;
 
         Mappers.ToClientDto(client);
@@ -243,9 +250,8 @@ public class AfterTests
     public void After_WebApp_consumes_dtos()
     {
         var app = new WebApp();
-        var client = new Client { Id = Guid.NewGuid(), Name = "Acme" };
+        var order = ValidOrder().WithId(Guid.NewGuid()).WithDescription("order one").WithTotal(150_00).Build();
-        var order = new Order { Id = Guid.NewGuid(), Description = "order one" };
+        var client = ValidClient().WithId(Guid.NewGuid()).WithName("Acme").WithOrder(order).Build();
-        client.Orders.Add(order);
 
         var view = app.ShowClient(Mappers.ToClientDto(client));
 
@@ -262,9 +268,8 @@ public class AfterTests
     public void DbContext_saves_plain_domain_objects_and_tracks_them()
     {
         var db = new DbContext();
-        var client = new Client { Name = "Acme" };
+        var order = ValidOrder().WithDescription("one").Build();
-        var order = new Order { Description = "one" };
+        var client = ValidClient().WithName("Acme").WithOrder(order).Build();
-        client.Orders.Add(order);
 
         Assert.Equal(Guid.Empty, client.Id);
         db.Save(client);
@@ -282,7 +287,7 @@ public class AfterTests
     public void Saving_twice_does_not_reassign_the_id()
     {
         var db = new DbContext();
-        var client = new Client { Name = "Acme" };
+        var client = ValidClient().WithName("Acme").Build();
         db.Save(client);
         var id = client.Id;
 
@@ -296,7 +301,7 @@ public class AfterTests
     public void A_saved_domain_object_keeps_no_reference_to_the_context()
     {
         var db = new DbContext();
-        var client = new Client { Name = "Acme" };
+        var client = ValidClient().WithName("Acme").Build();
         db.Save(client);
 
         // Saved (the id was assigned by the context) ...

tests/BeforeAfter.Tests/DiscountCalculatorTests.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,143 @@
+using After;
+using static BeforeAfter.Tests.TestData.ClientBuilder;
+using static BeforeAfter.Tests.TestData.OrderBuilder;
+
+namespace BeforeAfter.Tests;
+
+/// <summary>
+/// Unit tests for <see cref="DiscountCalculator.CalculateDiscount"/>:
+/// barrier semantics (strictly greater), integer-percent units, half-up
+/// rounding of the discount amount, input validation, and the guarantee that
+/// the calculation never mutates the order.
+/// </summary>
+public class DiscountCalculatorTests
+{
+    // ---------------------------------------------------------------------
+    // The barrier: only a total strictly greater than it is discounted.
+    // ---------------------------------------------------------------------
+    [Fact]
+    public void A_total_below_the_barrier_gets_no_discount()
+    {
+        var order = ValidOrder().WithTotal(50_00).Build();
+
+        var discounted = DiscountCalculator.CalculateDiscount(order, discountBarrierCents: 100_00, discountPercentage: 10);
+
+        Assert.Equal(0, discounted.DiscountPercentage);
+        Assert.Equal(50_00, discounted.DiscountedTotalInCents);
+        Assert.Equal(50_00, discounted.TotalInCents);
+    }
+
+    [Fact]
+    public void A_total_exactly_at_the_barrier_gets_no_discount()
+    {
+        var order = ValidOrder().WithTotal(100_00).Build();
+
+        var discounted = DiscountCalculator.CalculateDiscount(order, discountBarrierCents: 100_00, discountPercentage: 10);
+
+        Assert.Equal(0, discounted.DiscountPercentage);
+        Assert.Equal(100_00, discounted.DiscountedTotalInCents);
+    }
+
+    // ---------------------------------------------------------------------
+    // Above the barrier: percentage applied, total reduced.
+    // ---------------------------------------------------------------------
+    [Fact]
+    public void A_total_above_the_barrier_gets_the_percentage_discount()
+    {
+        var order = ValidOrder().WithTotal(150_00).Build();
+
+        var discounted = DiscountCalculator.CalculateDiscount(order, discountBarrierCents: 100_00, discountPercentage: 10);
+
+        Assert.Equal(10, discounted.DiscountPercentage);
+        Assert.Equal(135_00, discounted.DiscountedTotalInCents);   // 10 % of 150 = 15 off
+        Assert.Equal(150_00, discounted.TotalInCents);
+    }
+
+    [Fact]
+    public void A_zero_percentage_discounts_nothing_even_above_the_barrier()
+    {
+        var order = ValidOrder().WithTotal(150_00).Build();
+
+        var discounted = DiscountCalculator.CalculateDiscount(order, discountBarrierCents: 100_00, discountPercentage: 0);
+
+        Assert.Equal(0, discounted.DiscountPercentage);
+        Assert.Equal(150_00, discounted.DiscountedTotalInCents);
+    }
+
+    [Fact]
+    public void A_hundred_percent_discount_leaves_nothing()
+    {
+        var order = ValidOrder().WithTotal(150_00).Build();
+
+        var discounted = DiscountCalculator.CalculateDiscount(order, discountBarrierCents: 100_00, discountPercentage: 100);
+
+        Assert.Equal(100, discounted.DiscountPercentage);
+        Assert.Equal(0, discounted.DiscountedTotalInCents);
+    }
+
+    // ---------------------------------------------------------------------
+    // Half-up rounding of the discount amount (integer math, no float).
+    // ---------------------------------------------------------------------
+    [Theory]
+    [InlineData(155, 16, 139)]   // 15.5 rounds UP to 16
+    [InlineData(145, 15, 130)]   // 14.5 rounds UP to 15
+    [InlineData(154, 15, 139)]   // 15.4 rounds down to 15
+    [InlineData(151, 15, 136)]   // 15.1 rounds down to 15
+    public void The_discount_amount_is_rounded_half_up(int totalInCents, int expectedDiscountCents, int expectedDiscountedTotal)
+    {
+        var order = ValidOrder().WithTotal(totalInCents).Build();
+
+        var discounted = DiscountCalculator.CalculateDiscount(order, discountBarrierCents: 100, discountPercentage: 10);
+
+        Assert.Equal(totalInCents - expectedDiscountCents, discounted.DiscountedTotalInCents);
+        Assert.Equal(expectedDiscountedTotal, discounted.DiscountedTotalInCents);
+    }
+
+    // ---------------------------------------------------------------------
+    // Correlation and purity.
+    // ---------------------------------------------------------------------
+    [Fact]
+    public void The_result_is_correlated_to_the_order_by_id()
+    {
+        var id = Guid.NewGuid();
+        var order = ValidOrder().WithId(id).WithTotal(150_00).Build();
+
+        var discounted = DiscountCalculator.CalculateDiscount(order, discountBarrierCents: 100_00, discountPercentage: 10);
+
+        Assert.Equal(id, discounted.OrderId);
+    }
+
+    [Fact]
+    public void Calculating_does_not_mutate_the_order()
+    {
+        var order = ValidOrder().WithDescription("one").WithTotal(150_00).Build();
+
+        DiscountCalculator.CalculateDiscount(order, discountBarrierCents: 100_00, discountPercentage: 10);
+
+        Assert.Equal("one", order.Description);
+        Assert.Equal(150_00, order.TotalInCents);
+    }
+
+    // ---------------------------------------------------------------------
+    // Input validation: invalid arguments throw (loudly, not silently).
+    // ---------------------------------------------------------------------
+    [Theory]
+    [InlineData(-1, 100_00, 10)]     // negative total
+    [InlineData(150_00, -1, 10)]     // negative barrier
+    [InlineData(150_00, 100_00, -1)] // percentage below 0
+    [InlineData(150_00, 100_00, 101)]// percentage above 100
+    public void Invalid_arguments_throw(int totalInCents, int discountBarrierCents, int discountPercentage)
+    {
+        var order = ValidOrder().WithTotal(totalInCents).Build();
+
+        Assert.Throws<ArgumentOutOfRangeException>(
+            () => DiscountCalculator.CalculateDiscount(order, discountBarrierCents, discountPercentage));
+    }
+
+    [Fact]
+    public void A_null_order_throws()
+    {
+        Assert.Throws<ArgumentNullException>(
+            () => DiscountCalculator.CalculateDiscount(null!, discountBarrierCents: 100_00, discountPercentage: 10));
+    }
+}

tests/BeforeAfter.Tests/TestData/ClientBuilder.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,40 @@
+using After;
+
+namespace BeforeAfter.Tests.TestData;
+
+/// <summary>
+/// Test data builder for a <see cref="Client"/> with its orders
+/// (TestDataBuilder pattern). <see cref="ValidClient"/> starts from a
+/// <em>fresh</em> client, exactly what <c>new Client()</c> gives.
+/// </summary>
+public sealed class ClientBuilder
+{
+    private readonly Client _client = new();
+
+    /// <summary>A valid, fresh client — the neutral starting point for tests.</summary>
+    public static ClientBuilder ValidClient() => new();
+
+    public ClientBuilder WithId(Guid id)
+    {
+        _client.Id = id;
+        return this;
+    }
+
+    public ClientBuilder WithName(string name)
+    {
+        _client.Name = name;
+        return this;
+    }
+
+    /// <summary>Adds an order to the client (navigation fix-up wires the back-reference).</summary>
+    public ClientBuilder WithOrder(Order order)
+    {
+        _client.Orders.Add(order);
+        return this;
+    }
+
+    /// <summary>Builds the given builder and adds its order — chaining sugar for <c>.WithOrder(builder.Build())</c>.</summary>
+    public ClientBuilder WithOrder(OrderBuilder order) => WithOrder(order.Build());
+
+    public Client Build() => _client;
+}

tests/BeforeAfter.Tests/TestData/OrderBuilder.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,47 @@
+using After;
+
+namespace BeforeAfter.Tests.TestData;
+
+/// <summary>
+/// Test data builder for an <see cref="Order"/> (TestDataBuilder pattern).
+/// <see cref="ValidOrder"/> starts from a <em>fresh</em> order —
+/// <see cref="Guid.Empty"/> id, empty description, zero total, exactly what
+/// <c>new Order()</c> gives — and every <c>With...</c> returns the builder for
+/// chaining; <see cref="Build"/> hands back the order.
+///
+/// This class is the only place tests touch an order's *construction*: when
+/// the domain evolves (e.g. OrderLines making the total computed), only these
+/// internals change and the tests keep reading the same.
+/// </summary>
+public sealed class OrderBuilder
+{
+    private readonly Order _order = new();
+
+    /// <summary>A valid, fresh order — the neutral starting point for tests.</summary>
+    public static OrderBuilder ValidOrder() => new();
+
+    public OrderBuilder WithId(Guid id)
+    {
+        _order.Id = id;
+        return this;
+    }
+
+    public OrderBuilder WithDescription(string description)
+    {
+        _order.Description = description;
+        return this;
+    }
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Sets the total in cents (<c>150_00</c> = €150.00). How the requested
+    /// total is realised inside the order is an implementation detail that may
+    /// change as the domain evolves; this API stays.
+    /// </summary>
+    public OrderBuilder WithTotal(int totalInCents)
+    {
+        _order.TotalInCents = totalInCents;
+        return this;
+    }
+
+    public Order Build() => _order;
+}